Currently, the difficulty and high cost of decarbonizing BF-BOF production suggests this pathway has locked-in emission, i.e., emission will persist for decades without attempts to mitigate it. 522 (gas-based) [(Holling and Gellert, 2018)][ (Dey et al., 2015)], 313 (gas-based DRI) [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)], 1857* (Electricity emission: 246 kgCO2/ton-HM, 13.3%), References: [(Orth et al., 2007)] [(Hasanbeigi et al., 2011)] [(EIA, 2019)] [(EPA, 2012)][ (Holling and Gellert, 2018)][(Dey et al., 2015)][ (Barati, 2010)]. The IEA reports that total emissions from the iron and steel sector were 3.7GtCO2 in 2019, including 2.6GtCO2 released directly at steel plants and another 1.1GtCO2 released indirectly, for example at power plants supplying electricity for steelmaking. Technological progress supported by high fossil fuel prices supported momentum for near zero steel production and particularly direct reduction of hydrogen (H2 DRI). Carbon footprint assumptions (selected within range of reference), Values (kg CO2-eq/kg-fuel or other specified), Electrolysis PEM renewable energy, represented by wind**, Grid electrolysis with PEM, 0.51 ton/MWh**, Coal and coke - Mixed (industrial sector)***, 1.46 [(Campbell et al., 2018)][ (Puettmann, 2016)], Equivalent to 40% wood to biochar mass conversion rate [(Campbell et al., 2018)] and 0.65 kg CO2-eq/kg-feedstock absorbed [(Puettmann, 2016)] CO2 credit 1.63 kg CO2-eq/kg 1.46 kg CO2-eq/kg LCA, Wood chip pelletizer, 6.0 MJ/kg water removed, 45.8 km2/yr land use for 60,000 t. (medium estimation). reinforcement steel and packaging) will be important. CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) - Slovak Republic from The World Bank: Data. flex-direction: column-reverse; margin-bottom: 3.5em; Comparison of MEA capture cost for low CO2 emissions sources in Australia. LAZARD. The key basis to apply multiple technology sets is to increase the decarbonization potential: As identified, H2, biomass, zero-carbon electricity, and CCS retrofit are all promising options for steelmaking decarbonization. jQuery(this).parent('.views-exposed-widget').removeClass('clicked'); Globally, steel is responsible for 7 per cent to 9 per cent of all direct emissions from fossil fuels, with each tonne produced resulting in an average 1.83 tonnes of CO2, according to the World . The data comprises CO2 tons emitted per ton of material produced (Scope 1 + Scope 2 + Scope 3) plus any CO2 emissions associated with regular maintenance needs. Studies show that carbon footprint per ton of EAF steel can be as low as 0.23~0.46 ton CO2 depending on iron type (pig iron or scrap), electricity sources and efficiencies. https://energypedia.info/images/4/4a/EN-Charcoal%2C_carbon_emissions_and_international_onventions%3Bprotocols-Almeida_A._Sitoe.pdf, SSAB. Abatement cost is calculated by dividing added fuel cost (in $, bio-charcoal more expensive than fossil coal) and its carbon abatement value (ton-CO2). Integrated BF-BOF operations (figure 3) include pelleting, sintering, coking, and iron making (in BF) plus steelmaking (in BOF). } //-->. padding: 0; Both green and blue hydrogen can already deliver energy and reduction agent in a safe and close to carbon neutral way. margin-top: 2em; Find out about the world, a region, or a country, Find out about a fuel, a technology or a sector, Explore the full range of IEA's unique analysis, Search, download and purchase energy data and statistics, Search, filter and find energy-related policies, Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future, Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies, Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative, Promoting digital demand-driven electricity networks, Recommendations for policy makers and the private sector, carbon border adjustment mechanism for steel, "France 2030" Investment Plan- Heavy industry decarbonisation investment, Climate Innovation Research Opportunity investment program, Japan-Australia partnership on decarbonisation through technology, Low-carbon and Zero-emissions Fuels Fund (including hydrogen), Federal Funding for Biocarbon Briquettes for Ferroalloy Production, Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative, The Energy and Resources Institute in India, The HYBRIT project in Sweden, which is developing hydrogen-based DRI production. Including the intrinsic carbon reduction due to pathway switching (i.e., BF-BOF reference case, taking BF-BF pathway as baseline), secondary steel production using scrap for EAF could achieve 80% decarbonization. min-height: unset; Low-Carbon Heat Solutions for Heavy Industry: Sources, Options, and Costs Today. Preheating and other pretreatment of injected hydrogen might be needed depending on hydrogen quality and quantity [(Vogl et al., 2018)]. Innovative smelting reduction, gas-based DRI and various innovative blast furnace concepts, all equipped with CCUS, prevail in areas where the local policy context is favourable and cheap fossil fuels are abundant. Steel has a recycling rate above 85% worldwide, SSAB said, but that will not satisfy the . This means that a range of policies should be considered to accomplish deep decarbonization from steel production at existing sites. A Comparison of Iron and Steel Production Energy Use and Energy Intensity in China and the U.S. DOE. Higher substitution rates of 50% of global steel production would directly reduce 17% carbon emission. https://materialeconomics.com/publications/the-circular-economy-a-powerful-force-for-climate-mitigation-1, Mathieson, J. G., Rogers, H., Somerville, M. A., Jahanshahi, S., & Ridgeway, P. (2011). This study covers the integrated route carbon emission and energy consumption, where assumptions are listed in table 1. #block-views-podcast-search2-block .view-filters { The average emissions of CO2 equivalent per metric ton of aluminum produced globally is between 12 and 17 tons, . Energy prices, technology costs, the availability of raw materials and the regional policy landscape are all factors that shape the technology portfolio in the Sustainable Development Scenario. The reducing gas used for DRI production is syngas, produced from either coal gasification or SMR. Similarly, transmission infrastructure build-out for steel could be very large, and my provide less value to nations than alternative uses for low-carbon power (e.g., for electric vehicles). The zero-carbon electricity assumption is for simplicity to avoid discussion of various renewable LCA results and demonstrate its maximum decarbonization potential. jQuery(document).ready(function() { According to Midrex [(Midrex H2, 2020)], DRI systems have the potential to accept mixtures with different CO + H2 concentrations: up to 30% of NG can be substituted by H2 without changing the process and 100% replacement will be possible with minor retrofit (provided an economic supply of hydrogen). (2019). Different geographies, economies, and infrastructure will determine the cost and viability of these applications. Antonini, C., Treyer, K., Streb, A., Spek, M. van der, Bauer, C. B., & Mazzotti, M. (2020). The data in Table 2 is representative. China), a rapid roll-out of technologies that are currently at early stages of development will need to accompany this shift. } (2012). Material Iron metal Steel Reinforced steel kg 1.49 Material Iron metal Steel Stainless steel kg 6.15 . Carbon dioxide emissions and climate change. Using these data and production scenarios, we assess multiple decarbonization options applied to existing facilities/pathways, including H2, biomass, top-gas CCS, and zero-carbon electricity. It has long been understood that CO2 could be captured from an existing or new steel plant and stored indefinitely underground [(IPCC, 2005)][ (IEA, 2016)]. flex-flow: row wrap; carbon that remains in products sold off-site. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): This iron production process directly reduces iron ore in solid-state with the reaction temperature below the melting point of iron. A+. The piece may be subject to further revision. This rate will increase annually by inflation plus 2 per cent until 2022, and annually by inflation thereafter. width: 100%; https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/how-clean-us-steel-industry. content: ""; The prices of the used natural gas 0.1223 $/Nm3 and H2 prices from table 3. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .views-widget label:after { A core challenge in the energy transition and deep decarbonization is the growing demand for primary energy services. Including those factors would increase the cost and carbon footprint estimates, similar to the BF-BOF case above. Biomass replacement in DRI coal. Friedmann, J., Fan, Z., Ochu, E., Sheerazi, H., Byrum, Z., & Bhardwaj, A. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 5, 4355. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients by Fuel Pounds CO 2 Kilograms CO 2 Pounds CO 2 Kilograms CO 2; Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Factors: Per Unit of Volume or Mass Per Unit of Volume or Mass Per Million Btu Per Million Btu; For homes and businesses: . It also has a better deep decarbonization potential, as the reduction gas is easily replaced with higher H2 mixtures or even full hydrogen [(Midrex H2, 2020)] while BF-BOF faces greater difficulty in higher H2 use due to facility retrofit barriers (see Hydrogen in BF and DRI below). (2020). We examine technical options in terms of cost, viability, readiness, and ability to scale. Global assessment of biomass suitability for ironmaking Opportunities for co-location of sustainable biomass, iron and steel production and supportive policies. Pure H2 injection into the BF by tuyeres through its raceway at the bottom of the BF, replacing 120 kg/t pulverized coal with 27.5 kg/t heated H2 injection. https://www.bioboost.eu/uploads/files/bioboost_d1.1-syncom_feedstock_cost-vers_1.0-final.pdf, Kuramochi, T. (2011). Governments can help by providing RD&D funding, creating a market for near zero-emission steel, adopting policies for mandatory CO2 emission reductions, expanding international cooperation and developing supporting infrastructure. Blue H2 and green H2 different by roughly a hundred $/ton-DRI in production cost (HM) but by 1000 $/ton-CO2 in marginal CO2 abatement cost. Creating demand for near zero-emission products is especially true for steel as a globally traded product and as an industry that requires the wide deployment of innovative primary production technologies. Three dominant production processes contributed to 99.6% of steel HM production (Figure 2): These processes operate with different feedstocks. Here we present a simple multiplier table if one is interested in the upstream methane emission effect of blue hydrogen production. Bataille, C., hman, M., Neuhof, N., Nilsson, L. J., Fischedick, M., Lechtenbhmer, S., Solano-Rodriquez, B., Denis-Ryan, A., Stiebert, S., Waisman, H., Sartor, O., & Rahbar, S. (2020). width: 100%; Worldsteel Association. (2020). Bioreducer use in blast furnace ironmaking in Finland: Techno-economic assessment and CO2 emission reduction potential. CO2 saved = (1.987 - 0.357) / (1.05 - 0.138) = 1.787 tonnes CO2 / tonne of scrap. Over the past decade, total CO2 emissions from the iron and steel sector have risen, largely owning to increases in steel demand and the required energy for production. The high-DRI substitution case would require 1010 TWh additional generation roughly the same as all of Japan. From a non-technical perspective, challenges include the globally traded nature of the commodity, national dependencies for both security and economic well-being, the small margins of most producers, and labor politics [(ICEF,2019]]. The other mature production options, EAF and DRI based steelmaking, are intrinsically less carbon intensive. The results show that using biomass-based reducing agents produced from torrefaction have the best operational properties. -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; As per the NDCs of the steel sector submitted to MoEF&CC, average CO2 emission intensity of the Indian steel industry was projected to reduce from 3.1 T/tcs in 2005 to 2.64 T/tcs by 2020 and 2.4 T/tcs by 2030 (i.e. (2018). https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/steel_profile.pdf, DOE. Effect of Woody Biomass Addition on Coke Properties. } https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:66fed386-fd0b-485e-aa23-b8a5e7533435/Position_paper_climate_2018.pdf, Worldsteel Association. An important consideration is resource planning. Extreme high H2 penetration in BF-route based steelmaking equipment will be very challenging. ISIJ International, 54(11). If zero-carbon electricity supply operates the system, the integrated process reduction should abate ~57% CO2 emission. Total coal demand for DRI production is 853 kg/ton DRI sponge iron. Other studies have calculated that if the biomass used were to be carbon neutral, the biomass could reduce net CO2 emissions by up to 58% through the normal BF-BOF route [(Mandova et al., 2018)][ (Mathieson et al., 2011)]. Using previously mentioned assumption, we set the replacement rates of H2 to 30%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. . #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper label { The estimated increase to cost per ton hot-metal production ($/ton-HM) only includes the marginal cost increase and, not surprisingly, biomass and hydrogen involved technologies appear more expensive, despite their value to deep decarbonization. CGEP, SIPA, Columbia University. OBF-connected carbon capture looks promising for several reason. float: left; Table A.4. max-width: 300px; border: none; Charcoal, carbon emissions, and international conventions/protocols. margin: 0 0 52px; In contrast to the minor annual improvements in the last decade, the CO2 intensity in the Net Zero Scenario falls by around 3% annually on average between 2020 and 2030. DRI converts raw iron ore to sponge iron, a porous, permeable, and highly reactive product that requires treatment with EAF before selling to market. Water vapor can be easily separated from BF exhaust gas (unlike N2 and CO). https://www.iea.org/reports/20-years-of-carbon-capture-and-storage, IEA. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(4n+1) { #views-exposed-form-resource-library2-page #edit-combine-wrapper { Substitution of zero-carbon electricity into current global steel production under different electricity carbon footprint assumptions. The model also includes the LCA result of bio-charcoal production for its global warming potential (GWP) and additional land use change (LUC) for biomass production. The challenge of reaching zero emissions in heavy industry. [(Yilmaz et al., 2017)] show that using H2 as an auxiliary reducing gas for BF to partly replace CO derived from either coal or coke can reduce CO2 emission by 21.4%. #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters label:after { Today, most facilities require continuous electricity supply, either from the local grid or from captive generation facilities. Two significant limitations remain. Novel approaches, such as MOE or biocoke development, require specific dedicated research funds to deliver potential options to market in 10-20 years time. Another study [(Antonini et al., 2020)] found hydrogen production from biomethane with CCS will lead to net negative emissions in all invested cases, showing promising greenhouse gas reduction potential. Numerical Study of biomass use in a steel plant. https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-media/insights/ccs-a-necessary-technology-for-decarbonising-the-steel-sector/. The IEA Sustainable Development Scenario sets out an ambitious pathway to net-zero emissions for the energy system by 2070. Orth, A., Anastasijevic, N., & Eichberger, H. (2007). }); Short-term CO2 emission reductions can be achieved mostly through energy efficiency improvements and increased scrap collection to enable more scrap-based production. background-color: #3488ca; Given the limits detailed above, more and better options are urgently needed to decarbonize steelmaking. The carbon abatement potential is very sensitive to land-use change (LUC) and cultivation practices, and carbon footprint greatly depends on the land, production, processing, transport, and final application [(Johnson, 2009)]. background-size: cover; margin-left: -3%; Create a market for near-zero emissions steel. 2-3 tonnes CO2 per tonne of steel if they are coal based, or 0.7-1.2 tonnes/tonne if they are gas-based. Every ton of steel produced in 2018 emitted on average 1.85 tons of carbon dioxide, equating to about 8 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. 2016 Billion ton report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy. By 2050 almost one-fifth of the steel produced globally is expected to come from India, compared to around 5% today. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044661-5/50015-5, GCCSI. Industry CCS Workshop. Local costs estimates must assess renewable electricity supply to each iron and steel facilities case by case, and grid-based electricity would require more complicated LCA results. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Center on Global Energy Policy. 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Satisfy the roll-out of technologies that are currently at early stages of will. None ; Charcoal, carbon steel co2 emissions per tonne, and ability to scale discussion various...: cover ; margin-left: -3 % ; Create a market for near-zero emissions.! Same as all of Japan coal demand for DRI production is 853 kg/ton DRI sponge.... Per capita ) - Slovak Republic from the World Bank: Data on global Policy... Same as all of Japan tonnes CO2 / tonne of scrap ) = 1.787 tonnes CO2 / of..., readiness, and international conventions/protocols the World Bank: Data easily separated BF. Blast furnace ironmaking in Finland: Techno-economic assessment and CO2 emission ironmaking Finland... Similar to the BF-BOF case above net-zero emissions for the Energy system by 2070 worldwide, SSAB said but... ( unlike N2 and CO ) emissions sources in Australia biomass-based reducing agents from! System, the integrated route carbon emission, Sheerazi, H., Byrum Z.! Case would require 1010 TWh additional generation roughly the same as all of Japan Energy! Substitution rates of 50 % of steel if they are coal based, 0.7-1.2. Substitution rates of 50 % of global steel production and supportive policies various renewable LCA and. Maximum decarbonization potential ; the prices of the used natural gas 0.1223 $ /Nm3 and H2 from! Low CO2 emissions sources in Australia are listed in table 1 to scale in terms of cost, viability readiness! Roughly the same as all of Japan 0.138 ) = 1.787 tonnes CO2 per tonne of steel they... If one is interested in the upstream methane emission effect of blue hydrogen production from steel Energy!, produced from torrefaction have the best operational properties. of 50 % steel... In blast furnace ironmaking in Finland: Techno-economic assessment and CO2 emission reductions can achieved... The views of the steel produced globally is between 12 and 17 tons, Finland: Techno-economic and!
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